Cross-browser compatibility in web development

Websites are run on web browsers because the browser was built to read, interpret, and display web content. Typically websites are built using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript - web browsers have engines that render HTML as visual pages.

The browser renders images, videos, and other elements that make a website visually appealing and are designed to follow web standards like W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) to ensure compatibility with the standards so that websites render correctly across different browsers and devices.

In this article, we’ll be discussing cross-browser compatibility and its importance in web development. Let’s get started!

There are different web browsers, and we’re familiar with more than a couple e.g. Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Brave, etc. These web browsers are all similar but also differ in various ways. Here are a few common differences among web browsers:

• Performance: The speed at which browsers display or render web pages differs. Some browsers are faster than others.

• Rendering Engine: Every browser has its rendering engine which is responsible for displaying content. E.g. Chrome uses Blink, Firefox uses Gecko engine, and Safari uses Webkit.

• Security Features: Browsers apply different security measures to protect users from visiting malicious websites, amongst other features one of which includes a privacy setting that allows users to select and manage their privacy and security preferences.

• Developers Tools: Browsers have built-in developer tools that are enabled by default. However, the features, user interface, and capabilities of the tools may differ.

• Extensions or Add-ons: Additional features and functionalities that users can use to enhance their browsers differ. In Chrome, these additional features are called extensions, which users can install from third-party sources. There is also a store where users can search for and install extensions

• Layout / Interface: Browsers don't have the same look or feel; Chrome's interface differs from Brave's. The layout, colors, tab management, etc., differ among many other differences.

• Compatibility: The way different browsers adhere to standards differs, and this affects how websites behave in the browser this is why cross-browser compatibility is important when building a website - for instance, the way an element is positioned in Chrome may differ from Edge.

Cross-browser compatibility is the ability of websites or website applications to function across multiple browsers, even if the specific browser lacks certain browser features. There are multiple browsers as mentioned above, and they all have their standards.

The common standard that all browsers must adhere to is set by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). These standards define the specifications for technologies like JavaScript, HTML, and CSS to ensure consistency across devices and browsers.

While all browsers follow these common standards set by W3C and IETF, they also include features or provider-specific standards to stand out.

These additional features could be in the way the browser handles security and performance or integration with services e.g. Microsoft Edge integrates with Windows Cortana (for voice commands) and OneDrive (syncing and sharing files) etc.

The differences of each browser are why when developers build websites, they must carry out tests across all browsers to identify discrepancies.

The many issues that may come up in cross-browser compatibility

1. Layout and Styling:

Multiple users typically access web pages, each using different devices with varying screen sizes, display resolutions, and other functionalities. Every web page must be able to render correctly on devices despite their differences.

When CSS reset is applied for instance to remove the default layout, it creates a blank slate for developers to create custom designs which can cause compatibility issues because there might be a lack of support for some layouts.

The issue with CSS reset depends on how it is applied because it can also be a way to ensure prevent compatibility issues.

One way to solve this is to use Flex box or CSS Grid to handle the layout of the website.

2. Contrast in Box Model: Browsers calculate the width, height, padding, border, and margin of elements differently this can lead to layout differences.

3. DOCTYPE error: Missing DOCTYPE can cause a website to function differently across browsers. The DOCTYPE declaration gives the web browser especially older browsers instructions about what type of HTML the website is written in.

The DOCTYPE is necessary so that the web is interpreted and executed the same way across browsers. <!doctype html> is always written at the top of the HTML document before every other code.

4. Browser-Specific Functions: Browsers are designed by different providers which means they follow specific commands - because of this, developers must always consider this when developing or building websites. These differences are found in the prefixes attached to the functions in the code.

1. SEO performance: Cross-browser compatibility must be ensured for better SEO performance and website visibility. If there are compatibility issues, the search engine crawlers may struggle to understand your website content.

2. User Experience: Websites need to display properly across all browsers. If the opposite is the case some users may have a better experience with the website than others. Testing for compatibility ensures that all users have the same experience and the design and user interface remains consistent across browsers.

3. Accessibility: Cross-browser compatibility makes your website available across all browsers this means users can access the website's content despite browser differences.

4. Maintenance: Handling cross-browser compatibility in the early stages of development would significantly reduce the need to identify and fix issues on the website or web application in the future.

• Develop a test plan and identify all necessary browsers and versions.
• Set up the testing environment for each browser.
• Implement test cases and document issues.
• Prioritize issues based on importance and fix them.
• Repeat the test until websites work as expected across browsers.

For automated testing, some tools can be used to automate the testing of websites or applications in multiple browsers.

Implement Responsive Design: Implementing responsive design using media queries or flexible layouts across different screen sizes allows websites to display and work as expected across different browsers.

Implement CSS Reset Rules: The use of the CSS reset rule promotes cross-browser compatibility because browsers have their different rendering behavior and this rule resets the default styling of HTML elements ensuring a consistent behavior across browsers.

Use of Browser Testing Tools: Some tools can be used to test website compatibility or interactions on various websites.

Manual Testing: Another way to test your website performance is to test across different browsers and devices. This manual process may require you to download all the browsers and use multiple devices to test website performance.

Consistent Updates and Maintenance: Bowser's standards change over time and being aware of this is necessary so that the site can be regularly updated to address new compatibility issues.

Structured Coding: The use of a framework for code encapsulation makes websites compatible across browsers because frameworks are optimized to handle cross-browser challenges, they can automate the creation of responsive elements.

There are multiple tools available for cross-browser testing, These tools save time and are usually accurate - to mention a few;

• BrowserShots: Provide images of how websites appear or different browsers.

• Cross-Browser Testing: This tool offers testing on real devices and virtual environments. Provides interactive, automation testing, and screenshot testing.

• Microsoft Virtual Machines: These are collections of virtual machines that can be downloaded and run locally to test websites and applications on different versions of Internet Explorer (older version) or Edge (newer versions).

• Perfecto: The Perfecto platform allows rapid and scalable browser testing, providing instant access to multiple browsers. Also, you can run a large number of tests at high speed, even on an enterprise scale.

• Adobe BrowserLab: This is a web-based tool that allows developers to preview websites or applications in different browsers and operating systems.

• TestingBot: The TestingBot platform allows you to manage and access multiple browsers within its cloud from your browser to evaluate your website's performance.

• BrowserStack: This cloud-based testing platform can be used to test compatibility for web and mobile applications. Developers can test websites and mobile apps across browsers, operating systems, and mobile devices.

• LambdaTest: LambdaTest cloud-based platform is great for compatibility testing it allows live testing in real real-time browser environment

• TestSigma: TestSigma is a cloud-based tool for cross-browser testing, enabling you to test the compatibility of your applications across various browsers and devices.

Browsers have different rendering engines and follow different standards, which causes websites to display differently. Hence the need to test websites across all Browsers during development to ensure compatibility and deliver a great user Experience.

These tests can be carried out manually or by using automated tools to address and fix performance issues.

Cross-browser compatibility testing is very important in the development of websites and cannot be avoided, it’s great practice to address it early in the development stage to avoid bigger issues in the future.

Also, testing should be done whenever there are changes to a website or when a new version of a web browser is released.